logo
  • Home
  • Articles & Issues
    • Current
    • All Issues
  • About
    • Aims and Scope
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
  • For Authors
    • Submission
    • Terms of Publication
    • Formatting Guidelines
    • Peer Review Process
    • License Agreement
    • Charges and Financing
  • Ethics & Policies
    • Publication Ethics
    • Conflict of Interest
    • Open Access Policy
    • Archiving
    • Complaints Policy
    • Privacy Statement
    • Corrections and Retractions
    • Anti-plagiarism Policy
    • Generative AI Policy
  • Contacts
  • en
    • Українська

Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields

  • Submit an article
  • Home
  • Articles & Issues
    • Current
    • All Issues
  • About
    • Aims and Scope
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
    • Sources of Financing
  • For Authors
    • Submission
    • Terms of Publication
    • Formatting Guidelines
    • Peer Review Process
    • Article Processing Charges
    • License Agreement
  • Ethics & Policies
    • Publication Ethics
    • Conflict of Interest
    • Open Access Policy
    • Archiving
    • Complaints Policy
    • Privacy Statement
    • Corrections and Retractions
    • Anti-plagiarism Policy
    • Generative AI Policy
  • Search
  • Contacts

Article

Research into the characteristics of the hydrate formation process in water-logged gas wells

Roman Kondrat, Oleksandr Kondrat, Liliia Matiishyn, Nataliia Dremliukh
Abstract

The relevance of this research is driven by the transition of most natural gas fields to the late stage of development, which is accompanied by a significant increase in water production and creates thermodynamic conditions conducive to the emergency blockage of wellbores by gas hydrates. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of water cut and reservoir drawdown on the characteristics of the hydrate formation process in watered gas wells in order to optimise their operating conditions. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive mathematical model of the thermodynamic state of a multiphase fluid was developed and applied to a series of simulations on a model well under different reservoir drawdown values (2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0%, and 15.0% of the initial reservoir pressure) and water cut values (0-1,000 L/thousand m³). The results showed that, at low reservoir drawdown (2.5% of the initial pressure) and limited water inflow, the hydrate formation risk zone is most critical and extends to depths exceeding 1,000 m. The temperature distribution along the wellbore was analysed, demonstrating that when the water cut exceeds 500 L/thousand m³, the gas-liquid flow becomes sufficiently “hot” due to the high heat capacity of water, enabling the well to leave the hydrate formation zone without external intervention. Critical water cut values corresponding to the cessation of natural flowing conditions were determined, at which the actual wellhead temperature decreased to a minimum of 0.28 °C. A graph-analytical method for constructing hydrate formation boundaries was developed, making it possible to clearly distinguish between the thermodynamic states associated with active hydrate formation and those corresponding to stable well operation. It was demonstrated that increasing reservoir drawdown leads to an increase in the critical water cut value at which hydrate formation in the production tubing ceases without external intervention. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of using the developed model by petroleum engineers and field specialists for the justified selection of hydrate-free operating modes for watered gas wells

Download article

Received 21.11.2025

Revised 27.04.2026

Accepted 29.05.2026

Published 29.06.2026

https://doi.org/10.63341/pdogf/1.2026.80
Retrieved from Vol. 26, No. 1, 2026
Pages 80-91

Suggested citation

Kondrat, R., Kondrat, O., Matiishyn, L., & Dremliukh, N. (2026). Research into the characteristics of the hydrate formation process in water-logged gas wells. Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, 26(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.63341/pdogf/1.2026.80

References

  1. Abdullah, A., Selamat, K., Raman, I., Perng, C., & Thulus, S.A.M. (2026). Application of heated diesel in hydrate removal across the annulus of production riser and coiled tubing gas lift system in deepwater wells – a journey to success in unlocking the production recovery. In SPE/ICoTA well intervention conference and exhibition (article number SPE-231341-MS). Woodlands: SPE. doi: 10.2118/231341-MS.
  2. Aregbe, A.G., & Fadeyi, A.I. (2021). A comprehensive review on CO2/N2 mixture injection for methane gas recovery in hydrate reservoirs. In SPE Nigeria annual international conference and exhibition (article number SPE-207092-MS). Lagos: SPE. doi: 10.2118/207092-MS.
  3. Biberg, D., Sinkov, K., Kirkedelen, M.B., Johansson, P.S., Nordsveen, M., & Kjeldby, T.K. (2025). Predicting surge waves in gas-condensate pipelines using long-wave stability analysis. In ISAVFT 21st international conference on multiphase production technology (article number ISAVFT-2025-371). Lisbon: ISAVFT.
  4. Dalla, L.F., Zerpa, L.E., & Koh, C.A. (2026). Offshore field gas hydrate plug events evaluation using a unified gas hydrate transient model. In Offshore technology conference (article number OTC-36967-MS). Houston: OTC. doi: 10.4043/36967-MS.
  5. Delgado-Linares, J.G., Pohl, M., Majid, A.A A., Yoda, C., Tanaka, N., Zerpa, L.E., Prasad, M., & Koh, C.A. (2022). Early detection and assessment of asphaltene precipitation and gas hydrate formation at field conditions. In Offshore technology conference (article number OTC-31712-MS). Houston: OTC. doi: 10.4043/31712-MS.
  6. Gauteplass, J., Almenningen, S., Barth, T., & Ersland, G. (2020). Hydrate plugging and flow remediation during CO₂ injection in sediments. Energies, 13(17), article number 4511. doi: 10.3390/en13174511.
  7. Gudala, M., Alanazi, A., Fahs, M., & Hoteit, H. (2025). Comprehensive investigation of transient Joule-Thomson cooling and CO2 hydrate formation in depleted gas reservoirs. In Middle East oil, gas and geosciences show (MEOS GEO) (article number SPE-227472-MS). Bahrain: SPE. doi: 10.2118/227472-MS.
  8. Indina, V., Fernandes, B.R.B., Delshad, M., Farajzadeh, R., & Sepehrnoori, K. (2024). On the significance of hydrate formation/dissociation during CO2 injection in depleted gas reservoirs. In SPE conference at Oman petroleum & energy show (article number SPE-218550-MS). Muscat: SPE. doi: 10.2118/218550-MS.
  9. Ito, K., Sawano, Y., Tada, K., & Sato, T. (2024). Numerical simulation of enhanced gas recovery from methane hydrate using the heat of CO2 hydrate formation. In Offshore technology conference Asia (article number OTC-34780-MS). Kuala Lumpur: OTC. doi: 10.4043/34780-MS.
  10. Kehinde, M.O. (2018). Corrosion of casing vapor recovery piping in steam flooding operation. In CORROSION 2018 (article number 1-12). Phoenix: NACE International. doi: 10.5006/C2018-11541.
  11. Kondrat, R., & Matiishyn, L. (2025). Influence of the relative opening of the gas-bearing formation on the process of watering wells in reservoirs with bottom water. Mining of Mineral Deposits, 19(3), 14-21. doi: 10.33271/mining19.03.014.
  12. Kondrat, R.M., Kondrat, O.R., & Matiishyn, L.I. (2023). Development and operation of gas and gas condensate fields. Ivano-Frankivsk: Foliant.
  13. Lukin, O.A., & Kondrat, O.R. (2025). Probabilistic uncertainty of production forecasting from tight gas-saturated reservoirs. Mineral Resources of Ukraine, 4, 26-34. doi: 10.31996/mru.2025.4.26-34.
  14. Pei, J., Chen, J., Wang, J., Li, Z., & Kan, J. (2024). CO₂ capture technology based on gas hydrate method: A review. Frontiers in Chemistry, 12, article number 1448881. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1448881.
  15. Qu, A., Ravichandran, S., Hatscher, S., Ugueto, L., Torsvik, M., Zerpa, L.E., & Koh, C. (2023). Predicting hydrate formation and plugging in a gas condensate subsea tieback using a transient hydrate simulation tool. In SPE annual technical conference and exhibition (article number SPE-215013-MS). San Antonio: SPE. doi: 10.2118/215013-MS.
  16. Sui, X., Wang, Z., Tong, S., Guo, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023). Experimental study on the compatibility of hydrate inhibitor and anti-scale agent. In Abu Dhabi international petroleum exhibition & conference (ADIPEC) (article number SPE-216989-MS). Abu Dhabi: ADIPEC. doi: 10.2118/216989-MS.
  17. Wang, L., & Sun, A.Y. (2020). Well spacing optimization for Permian Basin based on integrated hydraulic fracturing, reservoir simulation and machine learning study. In SPE/AAPG/SEG unconventional resources technology conference (article number 3104). Austin: URTeC. doi: 10.15530/urtec-2020-3104.
  18. Ye, J., et al. (2023). Evaluation of geological CO2 storage potential in Saudi Arabian sedimentary basins. Earth-Science Reviews, 244, article number 104539. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104539.
  19. Yin, F., Gao, Y., Di, J., Sun, B., Yao, H., Zhang, L., & Zhao, X. (2026). Effect of annulus phase transition on equivalent circulating density in deepwater hydrate formation drilling: Analysis of hydrate trial production well drilling in the South China Sea. SPE Journal, 31(3), 1563-1585. doi: 10.2118/231831-PA.
  20. Zhang, Z., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, W., Liu, C., Hu, Q., & Gong, P. (2021). Identification of hydrate risk region for deepwater gas field flow assurance: Transition from static thermodynamic region to dynamic hydraulic region. In 31st international ocean and polar engineering conference (article number ISOPE-I-21-2114). Rhodes: ISOPE.

Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas 76019, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine

  • nung@pdogf.com.ua